Meaning of Joint
Hi Bill,
From my previous time, In Canada: Joint referred to more than one "branch" in an operation.
Joint Operations involved at least two of the following: the Cdn Army, The RCAF, RCN and SOF. (SOF has grown considerably since I retired......).
For example JTFG was Joint Task Force Games and was created for the Olympics in 2010. It included elements of all the CF.
Combined Operations referred to more than one Country.
Feel free to correct me if my memory is off.........
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